The line was detected by French astronomer Jules Janssen during a total solar eclipse in Guntur, India.
The first evidence of helium was observed on August 18, 1868, as a bright yellow line with a wavelength of 587.49 nanometers in the spectrum of the chromosphere of the Sun. However, some studies suggest that helium produced deep in the earth by radioactive decay can collect in natural gas reserves in larger-than-expected quantities, in some cases having been released by volcanic activity. Its supply is thought to be rapidly diminishing. Terrestrial helium is a non-renewable resource because once released into the atmosphere, it promptly escapes into space. This radiogenic helium is trapped with natural gas in concentrations as great as 7% by volume, from which it is extracted commercially by a low-temperature separation process called fractional distillation. Most terrestrial helium present today is created by the natural radioactive decay of heavy radioactive elements ( thorium and uranium, although there are other examples), as the alpha particles emitted by such decays consist of helium-4 nuclei. On Earth, it is relatively rare-5.2 ppm by volume in the atmosphere. In scientific research, the behavior of the two fluid phases of helium-4 (helium I and helium II) is important to researchers studying quantum mechanics (in particular the property of superfluidity) and to those looking at the phenomena, such as superconductivity, produced in matter near absolute zero. As with any gas whose density differs from that of air, inhaling a small volume of helium temporarily changes the timbre and quality of the human voice. A small but well-known use is as a lifting gas in balloons and airships. Helium's other industrial uses-as a pressurizing and purge gas, as a protective atmosphere for arc welding, and in processes such as growing crystal to make silicon wafers-account for half of the gas produced. Liquid helium is used in cryogenics (its largest single use, consuming about a quarter of production), and in the cooling of superconducting magnets, with its main commercial application in MRI scanners. In 1903, large reserves of helium were found in natural gas fields in parts of the United States, by far the largest supplier of the gas today. The formal discovery of the element was made in 1895 by chemists Sir William Ramsay, Per Teodor Cleve, and Nils Abraham Langlet, who found helium emanating from the uranium ore, cleveite, which is now not regarded as a separate mineral species, but as a variety of uraninite. Lockyer was the first to propose that the line was due to a new element, which he named after the sun. Janssen recorded the helium spectral line during the solar eclipse of 1868, while Lockyer observed it from Britain. Janssen is often jointly credited with detecting the element, along with Norman Lockyer. Pogson, and Lieutenant John Herschel, and was subsequently confirmed by French astronomer Jules Janssen. Helium was first detected as an unknown, yellow spectral line signature in sunlight during a solar eclipse in 1868 by Georges Rayet, Captain C. Large amounts of new helium are created by nuclear fusion of hydrogen in stars. The most common isotope of helium in the universe is helium-4, the vast majority of which was formed during the Big Bang. This helium-4 binding energy also accounts for why it is a product of both nuclear fusion and radioactive decay.
Its abundance is similar to this in both the Sun and Jupiter, because of the very high nuclear binding energy (per nucleon) of helium-4, with respect to the next three elements after helium. It is present at about 24% of the total elemental mass, which is more than 12 times the mass of all the heavier elements combined. It is the second-lightest and second most abundant element in the observable universe, after hydrogen. Its boiling point is the lowest among all the elements, and it does not have a melting point at standard pressure. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, inert, monatomic gas and the first in the noble gas group in the periodic table. Helium (from Greek: ἥλιος, romanized: helios, lit.'sun') is a chemical element with the symbol He and atomic number 2.
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